Architectural Documentation: Built Environment, Modernization, and Turkish Nationalism

Against the backdrop of building a new country, this study explores and evaluates the documentation culture in early republican Turkey. Having fought the Turkish War of Independence (1919–22) against the Allied Powers, the revolutionaries led by legendary leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938) came to engage with the idea of the West and its cultural origin. With the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the constitution abolished the 600-year-old Ottoman Empire including the dynastic cultural, economic, educational, and governmental institutions. In the redemption of the nation within the modern history of civilizations, cultural Westernization and technical modernization became the model for the newly found nation-state. While the new country became the subject of reformation, historic architecture was called upon to grant the aura of a glorious past to the Turks. Through the materialization of ‘Türk Tarih Tezi’ (the Turkish History Thesis), the founding leaders focused on the origin of Turks and the everlasting spirit of the Turkish state. In this pursuit, architectural heritage signified the formative power to represent the past. Supported by state-agencies, scholars, with supreme patriotic zeal and diligence, travelled across the remotest corners of the country to document and study the historic architecture of the nation.

To date, the complicated question of a national identity embodied in the built environment has dominated the contemporary scholarship on early republican historiography. Akboy-İlk’s study, however, distinguishes itself with its focus on architectural documentation, which became an agent of history-writing in the early years of the nation state. Curated by the ideologies of the state, the formal documentation findings extensively informed the republican plot of the modern progress of Turks. For scholars interested in a closer reading of the crossing boundaries between architectural heritage and nation-building in the case of the modernization of Turkey, this book is revealing and provocative in bringing forward architectural documentation, a remarkably overlooked subject in studies of the area.

List of figures

Notes on names, pronunciation, and sources

List of acronyms

Preface
Prof. Dr. Lucienne Thys-Senocak
Department of Archaeology and the History of Art Koç University, Istanbul

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1 Introduction: Documentation culture in republican Turkey
Constructing measured drawings
Documenting as an archival record
Structuring a book on architectural documentation

Chapter 2 Modern construct of architectural documentation
Rising nationalism to grant a collective past
Delineating Ottoman monuments
Surveying as the basis of physical interventions
Appraising the documentation work of Ottoman scholars
Recording an architectural legacy in the republican state
Institutionalizing documentation as a tenet of historic preservation
Compiling a scientific review of built works

Chapter 3 National cultivation of the built environment
Negotiating a binding architectural identity in the Late Ottoman Empire
Lending a voice for monuments in the Turkish History Thesis
Selecting monuments to be surveyed
Building Anatolian humanism in the aftermath of the Turkish History Thesis
Celebrating the quincentenary of the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople
Becoming the “other” monuments
Surveying Byzantine Istanbul
Turkifying Byzantine architecture
Reading the built works of the Beyliks
Compartmentalizing built heritage of the Late Ottoman Era

Chapter 4 Formal delineation of Turkish architecture
Turning to European institutions for methodical documentation
Projecting the formal order of descriptive drawings
Constructing images through drawing styles
Streamlining the processes of documentation and restoration
Illustrating the priorities of Turkish nationalism

Chapter 5 Conclusion

Bibliography

Index

Serra Akboy-İlk currently works in Collin College, Dallas, U.S., teaching design and historic preservation courses. Serra holds B.Arch. from Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University and an M.A. in Cultural Heritage Management from Koç University, Istanbul; along with a Ph.D. in architecture with a focus on historic preservation from Texas A&M University. Her research interests include drawing, architectural documentation, and historiography of Turkish art and architecture. Her recent publications center on documentation activities in the nation building project of early republican Turkey. To date, Serra has published in numerous venues, including Turkish Historical Review, Journal of Drawing Research Theory and Practice, Journal of Architectural Planning and Research, and Preservation Education and Research.

Architectural documentation, early republican Turkey, modernization, nationalism, measured drawing, formalism, national identity, historic preservation, Turkish architectural heritage, built environment, heritage conservation, historiography of Turkish art and architecture, measured survey